Supporting literature and clinical background for each technology category. Request the papers for any category below and we’ll send them over directly.
Peer-reviewed literature on electrical and electromagnetic stimulation as an adjunct to spinal and long-bone fusion healing. A Level I systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (n=941) found electrical stimulation increased the odds of successful fusion 2.5-fold relative to control (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.86–3.43, p<0.00001), with no significant subgroup interaction by stimulation type (p=0.93) — the pooled benefit held across capacitive coupling as a modality. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of capacitively coupled stimulation across 28 U.S. surgical sites reported an 84.7% success rate in actively stimulated patients versus 64.9% in placebo (p=0.0043), with the greatest benefit in posterolateral fusion and when internal fixation was used. Mechanism work by Brighton and colleagues established that capacitively coupled signal transduction proceeds through voltage-gated calcium channels — blocked by verapamil but not by inositol-phosphate inhibitors — raising cytosolic calcium, activating calmodulin, and upregulating TGF-β1 and other osteopromotive factors.
Systematic review & meta-analysis, Scientific Reports (2020) — doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61266-x Goodwin et al., Spine (1999) — PMID 10404578 Massari et al., Int J Spine Surg (2020) — doi:10.14444/7142 Brighton et al., J Bone Joint Surg Am (2001) — signal transduction, PMID 11679602 Zhuang, Brighton et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1997) — PMID 9268690 Request the literature →Published data on point-of-care bone marrow aspirate and its role in bone and soft-tissue healing, including work establishing CFU-f content — rather than total nucleated cell or platelet count — as the variable correlating with clinical outcomes in non-union and osteonecrosis, and the effect of aspiration volume and technique on graft cellularity.
Hernigou et al., International Orthopaedics (2013) — doi:10.1007/s00264-013-2017-z Request the literature →Clinical and pre-clinical data on synthetic scaffold materials as an alternative or adjunct to autograft/allograft. A 2025 peer-reviewed study evaluated a hyper-crosslinked carbohydrate polymer across an ovine spinal fusion model and 63 adult spinal fusion procedures, reporting a 91.8% overall fusion rate (100% thoracic, 95% lumbar, 85% cervical), visible osseous formation within three months, and no adverse events. Additional published work covers critical-size defect repair, foot and ankle limb salvage, ISO 10993 biocompatibility, and the embryonic bone-development biology the material was designed around.
Kim et al., Bioengineering (2025) — doi:10.3390/bioengineering12030243 Kim & Lee, Advances in Spine Surgery (2023) — doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002037 Request the full set →Research on PRP, A2M, and related autologous injection therapies for joint and soft-tissue applications. A 2024 systematic review found higher platelet dose associated with better outcomes in knee osteoarthritis. A 2014 study identified alpha-2-macroglobulin as a master inhibitor of cartilage-degrading factors, attenuating post-traumatic OA progression.
Berrigan et al., Arthroscopy (2024) — doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2024.03.018 Wang et al., Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014) — doi:10.1002/art.38576 Request the full set →Data on portable imaging accuracy and workflow impact in outpatient and mobile surgical settings.
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